Experimental Study of Solar Hot Water Heating System with Adaptive Control Strategy

Pawel Znaczko, Norbert Chamier-Gliszczynski () and Kazimierz Kaminski
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Pawel Znaczko: Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
Norbert Chamier-Gliszczynski: Faculty of Economics Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
Kazimierz Kaminski: Faculty of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-20

Abstract: The efficiency of solar water heating systems is strongly influenced by variable weather conditions, making the optimization of control strategies essential for maximizing energy performance. This study presents the development and evaluation of a rule-based adaptive control strategy that dynamically selects one of three predefined control modes—ON–OFF, proportional, or indirect proportional control (IPC)—based on real-time weather classification. The classification algorithm assigns each day to one of four solar irradiance categories, enabling the controller to respond appropriately to current environmental conditions. The proposed adaptive controller was implemented and tested under real operating conditions and compared with a conventional commercial solar controller. Over a 40-day testing period, the adaptive system achieved a 12.7% increase in thermal energy storage efficiency. Specifically, despite receiving 4.8% less solar radiation (719 kWh vs. 755 kWh), the adaptive controller stored 453 kWh of heat in the water tank compared to 416 kWh with the traditional system. This corresponds to an efficiency improvement from 0.55 to 0.63. These results demonstrate the adaptive controller’s superior ability to utilize available solar energy across all weather scenarios. The findings confirm that intelligent control strategies not only enhance technical performance but also improve the economic and environmental value of solar thermal systems.

Keywords: solar energy; adaptive control strategy; solar heating system; weather conditions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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