Optimization Scheduling of Multi-Regional Systems Considering Secondary Frequency Drop

Xiaodong Yang, Xiaotong Hua, Lun Cheng, Tao Wang () and Yujing Su
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Xiaodong Yang: State Grid Hebei Electric Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
Xiaotong Hua: Department of Electric Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
Lun Cheng: State Grid Hebei Electric Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
Tao Wang: Department of Electric Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
Yujing Su: State Grid Hebei Electric Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-17

Abstract: After primary frequency regulation in large-scale wind farms is completed, the power dip phenomenon occurs during the rotor speed recovery phase. This phenomenon may induce a secondary frequency drop in power systems, which poses challenges to system frequency security. To address this issue, this paper proposes a frequency security-oriented optimal dispatch model for multi-regional power systems, taking into account the risks of secondary frequency drop. In the first stage, risk-averse day-ahead scheduling is conducted. It co-optimizes operational costs and risks under wind power uncertainty through stochastic programming. In the second stage, frequency security verification is carried out. The proposed dispatch scheme is validated against multi-regional frequency dynamic constraints under extreme wind scenarios. These two stages work in tandem to comprehensively address the frequency security issues related to wind power integration. The model innovatively decomposes system reserve power into three distinct components: wind fluctuation reserve, power dip reserve, and contingency reserve. This decomposition enables coordinated optimization between absorbing power oscillations during wind turbine speed recovery and satisfies multi-regional grid frequency security constraints. The column and constraint generation algorithm is employed to solve this two-stage optimization problem. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model effectively mitigates frequency security risks caused by wind turbines’ operational state transitions after primary frequency regulation, while maintaining economic efficiency. The methodology provides theoretical support for the secure integration of high-penetration renewable energy in modern multi-regional power systems.

Keywords: power dip phenomenon; secondary frequency drop; multi-region frequency safety; day-ahead risk scheduling; robust optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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