Integration Strategies for Large-Scale Renewable Interconnections with Grid Forming and Grid Following Inverters, Capacitor Banks, and Harmonic Filters

Soham Ghosh (), Arpit Bohra, Sreejata Dutta and Saurav Verma
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Soham Ghosh: Electrical Engineering, Black & Veatch, Overland Park, KS 66211, USA
Arpit Bohra: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Sreejata Dutta: Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas MC, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Saurav Verma: System Studies and Power Market Division, Arya Risk Management Systems, Pune 411045, India

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-28

Abstract: The transition towards a power system characterized by a reduced presence of synchronous generators (SGs) and an increased reliance on inverter-based resources (IBRs), including wind, solar photovoltaics (PV), and battery storage, presents new operational challenges, particularly when these sources exceed 50–60% of the system’s demand. While current grid-following (GFL) IBRs, which are equipped with fast and rigid control systems, continue to dominate the inverter landscape, there has been a notable surge in research focused on grid-forming (GFM) inverters in recent years. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the practicality and control methodologies of GFM inverters relative to traditional GFL inverters from a system planning perspective. A comprehensive framework aimed at assisting system developers and consulting engineers in the grid-integration of wide-scale renewable energy sources (RESs), incorporating strategies for the deployment of inverters, capacitor banks, and harmonic filters, is proposed in this paper. The discussion includes an examination of the reactive power capabilities of the plant’s inverters and the provision of additional reactive power to ensure compliance with grid interconnection standards. Furthermore, the paper outlines a practical approach to assess the necessity for enhanced filtering measures to mitigate potential resonant conditions and achieve harmonic compliance at the installation site. The objective of this work is to offer useful guidelines and insights for the effective addition of RES into contemporary power systems.

Keywords: FERC 827; reactive power study; grid code; grid-forming inverter; grid-following inverter; harmonic filter; high-pass filter; reactive power capability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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