A Review on the State-of-the-Art and Commercial Status of Carbon Capture Technologies

Hujjatul Islam () and Shashank Reddy Patlolla
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Hujjatul Islam: Energy Modelling and Automation Research Group, Department of Energy and Technology, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway
Shashank Reddy Patlolla: VulcanX Energy Corporation, 3000-1055 Dunsmuir St., Vancouver, BC V7X1K8, Canada

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-50

Abstract: Carbon capture technologies are largely considered to play a crucial role in meeting the climate change and global warming target set by Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2050. These technologies can contribute to clean energy transitions and emissions reduction by decarbonizing the power sector and other CO 2 intensive industries such as iron and steel production, natural gas processing oil refining and cement production where there is no obvious alternative to carbon capture technologies. While the progress of carbon capture technologies has fallen behind expectations in the past, in recent years there has been substantial growth in this area, with over 700 projects at various stages of development. Moreover, there are around 45 commercial carbon capture facilities already in operation around the world in different industrial processes, fuel transformation and power generation. Carbon capture technologies including pre/post-combustion, oxyfuel and chemical looping combustion have been widely exploited in the recent years at different Technology Readiness level (TRL). Although, a large number of review studies are available addressing different carbon capture strategies, however, studies related to the commercial status of the carbon capture technologies are yet to be conducted. In this review article, we summarize the state-of-the-art of different carbon capture technologies applied to different emission sources, focusing on emission reduction, net-zero emission, and negative emission. We also highlight the commercial status of the different carbon capture technologies including economics, opportunities, and challenges.

Keywords: carbon capture; commercialization; technology readiness level (TRL); direct air capture (DAC); bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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