Progress in Al/AgO Electrode Materials for Seawater-Activated Batteries

Peiqiang Chen, Qun Zheng, Changfu Wang, Penglin Dai, Yujuan Yin, Jinmao Chen, Xudong Wang, Wanli Xu () and Man Ruan ()
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Peiqiang Chen: School of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
Qun Zheng: School of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
Changfu Wang: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Penglin Dai: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Yujuan Yin: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Jinmao Chen: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Xudong Wang: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Wanli Xu: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China
Man Ruan: Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102300, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-20

Abstract: Al/AgO seawater-activated batteries with high specific energy and high specific power are widely used at present. The AgO electrode determines the performance of the battery, with its active material utilization rate having a significant impact on the specific capacity, energy density and discharge capacity of the battery. Therefore, this study briefly introduces the structure and working principle of Al/AgO seawater-activated batteries. Starting from the AgO material itself, common preparation methods for such positive electrode materials—including sintered silver oxide electrodes, pressed silver oxide electrodes and thin-film silver oxide electrodes—are introduced, and the factors influencing their electrochemical performance are analyzed in depth. We elaborate on the relevant research progress regarding AgO electrodes in terms of improving battery performance, detailing the effects of the silver powder’s morphology, porosity, purity, ordered structure, surface treatment and doping modification methods on silver oxide electrodes. Finally, various methods for improving the electrochemical performance of silver oxide electrodes are detailed. Current challenges and possible future research directions are analyzed, and prospects for the future development of high-specific-energy batteries based on AgO electrode materials are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the characteristics of Al/AgO batteries, providing a theoretical basis for the development of high-performance Al/AgO batteries.

Keywords: Al/AgO seawater-activated batteries; cathode materials; active materials; battery performance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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