Real-World Performance and Economic Evaluation of a Residential PV Battery Energy Storage System Under Variable Tariffs: A Polish Case Study

Wojciech Goryl ()
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Wojciech Goryl: Department of Sustainable Energy Development, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-27

Abstract: This paper presents an annual, real-world evaluation of the performance and economics of a residential photovoltaic (PV) system coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS) in southern Poland. The system, monitored with 5 min resolution, operated under time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs. Seasonal variation was significant; self-sufficiency exceeded 90% in summer, while winter conditions increased grid dependency. The hybrid system reduced electricity costs by over EUR 1400 annually, with battery operation optimized for high-tariff periods. Comparative analysis of three configurations—grid-only, PV-only, and PV + BESS—demonstrated the economic advantage of the integrated solution, with the shortest payback period (9.0 years) achieved with financial support. However, grid voltage instability during high PV production led to inverter shutdowns, highlighting limitations in the infrastructure. This study emphasizes the importance of tariff strategies, environmental conditions, and voltage control when designing residential PV-BESS systems.

Keywords: PV installation; battery energy storage system; BEES; home installation; SPBT; PV and BEES installation; energy analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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