Friction and Regenerative Braking Shares Under Various Laboratory and On-Road Driving Conditions of a Plug-In Hybrid Passenger Car

Dimitrios Komnos, Alessandro Tansini, Germana Trentadue, Georgios Fontaras, Theodoros Grigoratos and Barouch Giechaskiel ()
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Dimitrios Komnos: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Alessandro Tansini: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Germana Trentadue: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Georgios Fontaras: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Theodoros Grigoratos: Directorate-General for Environment (DG-ENV), European Commission, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
Barouch Giechaskiel: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-21

Abstract: Although particulate matter (PM) pollution from vehicles’ exhaust has decreased significantly over the years, the contribution from non-exhaust sources (brakes, tyres) has remained at the same levels. In the European Union (EU), Euro 7 regulation introduced PM limits for vehicles’ brake systems. Regenerative braking, i.e., recuperation of the deceleration kinetic and potential energy to the vehicle battery, is one of the strategies to reduce the brake emission levels and improve vehicle efficiency. According to the regulation, the shares of friction and regenerative braking can be determined with actual testing of the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer. In this study we tested the regenerative capabilities of a plug-in hybrid vehicle, both in the laboratory and on the road, under different protocols (including both smooth and aggressive braking) and covering a wide range of driving conditions (urban, rural, motorway) over 10,000 km of driving. Good agreement was obtained between laboratory and on-road tests, with the use of the friction brakes being on average 7% and 5.3%, respectively. However, at the same time it was demonstrated that the friction braking share can vary over a wide range (up to around 30%), depending on the driver’s behaviour.

Keywords: brakes; friction braking share coefficient; plug-in hybrid; energy recuperation; regenerative braking; GTR 24 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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