Grid-Tied PV Power Smoothing Using an Energy Storage System: Gaussian Tuning

Ahmad I. Alyan (), Nasrudin Abd Rahim and Jeyraj Selvaraj
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Ahmad I. Alyan: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Universiti Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
Nasrudin Abd Rahim: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Universiti Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
Jeyraj Selvaraj: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Universiti Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-14

Abstract: The use of power smoothing for renewable energy resources is attracting increasing attention. One widely used resource that could benefit from this technique is the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system. Solar energy production typically follows a Gaussian bell curve, with peaks at midday. This paper confirms this pattern by using the bell curve as a reference; however, climate variations can significantly alter this pattern. Therefore, this study aimed to smooth the power supplied to the grid by a PV system. The proposed controller manages the charge and discharge processes of the energy storage system (ESS) to ensure a smooth Gaussian bell curve output. It adjusts the parameters of this curve to closely match the generated energy, absorbing or supplying fluctuations to maintain the desired profile. This system also aims to provide accurate predictions of the power that should be supplied to the grid by the PV system, based on the capabilities of the ESS and the overall system performance. Although experimental results were not included in this analysis, the system was implemented in SIMULINK using real-world data. The controller utilizes a hybrid ESS comprising a vanadium redox battery (VRB) and supercapacitors (SCs). The design and operation of the controller, including curve tuning and ESS charge–discharge management, are detailed. The simulation results demonstrate excellent performance and are thoroughly discussed.

Keywords: energy storage system (ESS); electrical power system; grid-tied PV; vanadium redox battery (VRB); supercapacitors (SCs); Gaussian distribution (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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