Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries

Katarzyna Chudy-Laskowska (), Maciej Chudy, Jadwiga Pisula and Tomasz Pisula
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Katarzyna Chudy-Laskowska: Department of Quantitative Methods, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Maciej Chudy: Department of Investment, Grupa Azoty S.A., 33-100 Tarnów, Poland
Jadwiga Pisula: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Tomasz Pisula: Department of Quantitative Methods, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-28

Abstract: Currently, the market for cars based on alternative fuels is developing very dynamically, which is caused by the growing needs in the field of environmental protection and the desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Many countries have introduced various forms of support for people who decide to buy an electric or a hybrid car. The European Union has also introduced increasingly restrictive CO 2 emission standards, which accelerates the transition to alternative drives. The main research question in the paper was how the market for alternative energy sources in transport is developing in individual countries of the community, what the infrastructure looks like, and whether there is a large diversity in this field in the countries under study. The taxonomic methods (the TOPSIS method and the cluster analysis) have been applied for the research. The data were taken from Eurostat and the European Alternative Fuels Observatory statistical data. The analysis allowed an identification of key regularities that characterize the process of transformation of road transport in the European Union. Firstly, there is a clear division in countries with a high level of electrification (clusters I, IV, and VI) and countries that prefer gas drives (cluster V) or that are at an early stage of transformation (clusters II and III). Secondly, a strong relationship between the development of charging infrastructure, especially ultra-fast stations, and the level of adoption of electric vehicles was confirmed.

Keywords: electric vehicles; alternative fuels; electro-mobility; electricity recharging infrastructure; taxonomical analysis; ranking; TOPSIS method (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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