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Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells

Yuan Cao, Long Chen and Chunsheng Wang ()
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Yuan Cao: School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Long Chen: School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Chunsheng Wang: School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-15

Abstract: State-of-charge (SOC) and temperature inconsistencies among lithium-ion battery cells can significantly degrade the performance, safety, and lifespan of battery packs. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic balancing strategy that simultaneously regulates both SOC and cell temperature in real time. Each battery cell is connected to an individual Boost converter, enabling independent control of energy flow. An outer loop is adopted to stabilize the pack-level bus voltage. The balancing factors for SOC and temperature are adaptively fused using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which dynamically adjusts the weightings based on real-time operating conditions. This approach allows the controller to prioritize either thermal or electrical balance when needed, ensuring robust performance under varying load and environmental disturbances. Simulation-based validation on a multi-cell lithium-ion pack demonstrates that the proposed method effectively reduces SOC and temperature deviation, improves pack-level energy utilization, and extends operational stability compared to fixed-weight balancing strategies.

Keywords: state-of-charge; SOC balancing; thermal balancing; battery management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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