Comparative Assessment of LEED, BREEAM, and WELL: Advancing Sustainable Built Environments

Elias Tsirovasilis, Martha Katafygiotou () and Chrystala Psathiti
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Elias Tsirovasilis: Department of Real Estate, Neapolis University Pafos, 2 Danais Avenue, Pafos 8042, Cyprus
Martha Katafygiotou: Department of Real Estate, Neapolis University Pafos, 2 Danais Avenue, Pafos 8042, Cyprus
Chrystala Psathiti: Department of Architecture, Land and Environmental Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, 2 Danais Avenue, Pafos 8042, Cyprus

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-23

Abstract: This study compares the LEED, BREEAM, and WELL certification systems using the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework to assess their performance across environmental, social, and economic dimensions and their alignment with sustainable development goals. A structured secondary analysis was conducted on over 50 peer-reviewed articles, case studies, and official certification manuals. Inclusion criteria required documented design targets and post-occupancy outcomes for certified buildings (2014–2024). A two-phase analytical model was applied: first, evaluating each system’s structure and priorities; then benchmarking them using the TBL framework to assess how holistically each addresses sustainability. Results show that LEED leads to energy optimization, BREEAM to lifecycle integration, and WELL to occupant health and indoor environmental quality. However, all systems exhibit post-occupancy performance gaps: LEED and BREEAM underperform by 15–30% in energy use, while WELL-certified projects may exceed 30% due to stringent indoor comfort demands. These findings highlight the need to integrate real-time post-occupancy evaluation into certification protocols. To improve overall effectiveness, the study proposes enhancements such as adaptive performance tracking, occupant feedback loops, and dynamic benchmarking aligned with actual building use. By identifying both the comparative strengths and systemic limitations of the three frameworks, this research contributes to the refinement of green building assessment tools. Practical implications include (1) integrating post-occupancy evaluation into certification renewal cycles, (2) adopting hybrid certification strategies to improve sustainability coverage, and (3) designing benchmarking tools that reflect real-world operational data.

Keywords: LEED; BREEAM; WELL Building Standard; sustainability certification; Triple Bottom Line (TBL); energy efficiency; carbon reduction; green building (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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