Trends, Challenges, and Viability in Green Hydrogen Initiatives

Mario Iamarino and Antonio D’Angola ()
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Mario Iamarino: Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
Antonio D’Angola: Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-37

Abstract: This review explores the current status of green hydrogen integration into energy and industrial ecosystems. By considering notable examples of existing and developing green hydrogen initiatives, combined with insights from the relevant scientific literature, this paper illustrates the practical implementation of those systems according to their main end use: power and heat generation, mobility, industry, or their combination. Main patterns are highlighted in terms of sectoral applications, geographical distribution, development scales, storage solutions, electrolyzer technology, grid interaction, and financial viability. Open challenges are also addressed, including the high production costs, an underdeveloped transport and distribution infrastructure, the geopolitical aspects and the weak business models, with the industrial sector appearing as the most favorable environment where such challenges may first be overcome in the medium term.

Keywords: green hydrogen; RES microgrid; electrolyzer; hydrogen storage; hydrogen trade; financial viability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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