Enhancing Smart Grid Reliability Through Data-Driven Optimisation and Cyber-Resilient EV Integration

Muhammed Cavus (), Huseyin Ayan, Mahmut Sari, Osman Akbulut, Dilum Dissanayake and Margaret Bell ()
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Muhammed Cavus: Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Huseyin Ayan: School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Mahmut Sari: Department of Construction, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir 40100, Türkiye
Osman Akbulut: Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce 81620, Türkiye
Dilum Dissanayake: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Margaret Bell: School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-24

Abstract: This study presents a novel cyber-resilient, data-driven optimisation framework for real-time energy management in electric vehicle (EV)-integrated smart grids. The proposed framework integrates a hybrid optimisation engine—combining genetic algorithms and reinforcement learning—with a real-time analytics module to enable adaptive scheduling under uncertainty. It accounts for dynamic electricity pricing, EV mobility patterns, and grid load fluctuations, dynamically reallocating charging demand in response to evolving grid conditions. Unlike existing GA/RL schedulers, this framework uniquely integrates adaptive optimisation with resilient forecasting under incomplete data and lightweight blockchain-inspired cyber-defence, thereby addressing efficiency, accuracy, and security simultaneously. To ensure secure and trustworthy EV–grid communication, a lightweight blockchain-inspired protocol is incorporated, supported by an intrusion detection system (IDS) for cyber-attack mitigation. Empirical evaluation using European smart grid datasets demonstrates a daily peak demand reduction of 9.6% (from 33 kWh to 29.8 kWh), with a 27% decrease in energy delivered at the original peak hour and a redistribution of demand that increases delivery at 19:00 h by nearly 25%. Station utilisation became more balanced, with weekly peak normalised utilisation falling from 1.0 to 0.7. The forecasting module achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.25 kWh and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 20% even with up to 25% missing data. Among tested models, CatBoost outperformed LightGBM and XGBoost with an RMSE of 0.853 kWh and R 2 of 0.416. The IDS achieved 94.1% accuracy, an AUC of 0.97, and detected attacks within 50–300 ms, maintaining over 74% detection accuracy under 50% novel attack scenarios. The optimisation runtime remained below 0.4 s even at five times the nominal dataset scale. Additionally, the study outlines a conceptual extension to support location-based planning of charging infrastructure. This proposes the alignment of infrastructure roll-out with forecasted demand to enhance spatial deployment efficiency. While not implemented in the current framework, this forward-looking integration highlights opportunities for synchronising infrastructure development with dynamic usage patterns. Collectively, the findings confirm that the proposed approach is technically robust, operationally feasible, and adaptable to the evolving demands of intelligent EV–smart grid systems.

Keywords: electric vehicles; smart grid; energy management; cyber-resilience; load forecasting; optimisation; intrusion detection system; blockchain-inspired security (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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