Advances in Energy Storage, AI Optimisation, and Cybersecurity for Electric Vehicle Grid Integration

Muhammed Cavus (), Huseyin Ayan, Margaret Bell and Dilum Dissanayake ()
Additional contact information
Muhammed Cavus: The Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Huseyin Ayan: School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Margaret Bell: School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Dilum Dissanayake: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-33

Abstract: The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart grids (SGs) is reshaping both energy systems and mobility infrastructures. This review presents a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary synthesis of current technologies, methodologies, and challenges associated with EV–SG interaction. Unlike prior reviews that address these aspects in isolation, this work uniquely connects three critical pillars: (i) the evolution of energy storage technologies, including lithium-ion, second-life, and hybrid systems; (ii) optimisation and predictive control techniques using artificial intelligence (AI) for real-time energy management and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) coordination; and (iii) cybersecurity risks and post-quantum solutions required to safeguard increasingly decentralised and data-intensive grid environments. The novelty of this review lies in its integrated perspective, highlighting how emerging innovations, such as federated AI models, blockchain-secured V2G transactions, digital twin simulations, and quantum-safe cryptography, are converging to overcome existing limitations in scalability, resilience, and interoperability. Furthermore, we identify underexplored research gaps, such as standardisation of bidirectional communication protocols, regulatory inertia in V2G market participation, and the lack of unified privacy-preserving data architectures. By mapping current advancements and outlining a strategic research roadmap, this article provides a forward-looking foundation for the development of secure, flexible, and grid-responsive EV ecosystems. The findings support policymakers, engineers, and researchers in advancing the technical and regulatory landscape necessary to scale EV–SG integration within sustainable smart cities.

Keywords: electric vehicles (EVs); smart grids; vehicle-to-grid (V2G); energy storage systems (ESSs); artificial intelligence (AI); cybersecurity; digital twins (DTs); wireless charging; renewable energy integration; post-quantum cryptography (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/17/4599/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/17/4599/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:17:p:4599-:d:1737734

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Cassie Shen

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().