Performance Evaluation of Similarity Metrics in Transfer Learning for Building Heating Load Forecasting

Di Bai, Shuo Ma () and Hongting Ma
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Di Bai: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Shuo Ma: School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300192, China
Hongting Ma: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-14

Abstract: Accurately predicting building heating and cooling loads is crucial for optimizing HVAC systems and enhancing energy efficiency. However, data-driven models often face overfitting issues due to scarce training data, a common challenge for new constructions or under data privacy constraints. Transfer learning (TL) offers a solution, but its effectiveness heavily depends on selecting an appropriate source domain through effective similarity measurement. This study systematically evaluates the performance of 20 prevalent similarity metrics in TL for building heating load forecasting to identify the most robust metrics for mitigating data scarcity. Experiments were conducted on data from 500 buildings, with seven distinct low-data target scenarios established for a single target building. The Relative Error Gap ( REG ) was employed to assess the efficacy of transfer learning facilitated by each metric. The results demonstrate that distance-based metrics, particularly Euclidean, normalized Euclidean, and Manhattan distances, consistently yielded lower REG values and higher stability across scenarios. In contrast, probabilistic measures such as the Bhattacharyya coefficient and Bray–Curtis similarity exhibited poorer and less stable performance. This research provides a validated guideline for selecting similarity metrics in TL applications for building energy forecasting.

Keywords: transfer learning; similarity measurement; heating load forecasting; data-driven model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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