Enhancing Smart Grid Security and Efficiency: AI, Energy Routing, and T&D Innovations (A Review)

Hassam Ishfaq, Sania Kanwal, Sadeed Anwar, Mubarak Abdussalam and Waqas Amin ()
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Hassam Ishfaq: School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
Sania Kanwal: School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
Sadeed Anwar: School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
Mubarak Abdussalam: School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
Waqas Amin: School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-77

Abstract: This paper presents an in-depth review of cybersecurity challenges and advanced solutions in modern power-generation systems, with particular emphasis on smart grids. It examines vulnerabilities in devices such as smart meters (SMs), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) to cyberattacks, including False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs), Denial of Service (DoS), and Replay Attacks (RAs). The study evaluates cutting-edge detection and mitigation techniques, such as Cluster Partition, Fuzzy Broad Learning System (CP-BLS), multimodal deep learning, and autoencoder models, achieving detection accuracies of (up to 99.99%) for FDIA identification. It explores critical aspects of power generation, including resource assessment, environmental and climatic factors, policy and regulatory frameworks, grid and storage integration, and geopolitical and social dimensions. The paper also addresses the transmission and distribution (T&D) system, emphasizing the role of smart-grid technologies and advanced energy-routing strategies that leverage Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and game-theoretic approaches to optimize energy flows and enhance grid stability. Future research directions include high-resolution forecasting, adaptive optimization, and the integration of quantum–AI methods to improve scalability, reliability, and resilience.

Keywords: energy generation; energy transmission & distribution; energy routing; energy utilization; smart grid; cyberattacks (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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