Numerical Study and Optimization of Combustion and Emissions of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines Under Heavy Load

Shikai Xing, Xianglong Li, Juxia Li (), Jianbing Gao (), Qiang Lu, Xiaochen Wang, Yunge Zhao, Sunchu Wu and Zhonghui Fu
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Shikai Xing: School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
Xianglong Li: School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
Juxia Li: Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Information Engineering Vocational College, Shijiazhuang 052161, China
Jianbing Gao: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Qiang Lu: School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Street, Beijing 100083, China
Xiaochen Wang: Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province for Development and Application of New Transportation Energy, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
Yunge Zhao: School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
Sunchu Wu: School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
Zhonghui Fu: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 18, 1-23

Abstract: Ammonia fuel is expected to emerge as an effective alternative to fossil fuels due to its zero-carbon nature, high-efficiency storage and transportation advantages, and extensive industrial manufacturing infrastructure. This study discussed the impacts of compression ratio and injection timing on combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel (ADDF) engine using numerical simulation. Results indicated that the corresponding optimal indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) continuously increases with an increasing compression ratio. When the compression ratio is 15:1, the injection timing corresponding to the maximum indicated thermal efficiency is −18 °CA after top dead center (ATDC). When the compression ratio ranged from 16:1 to 19:1, the corresponding optimal ITE was achieved at a retarded injection timing of −12 °CA ATDC. At a compression ratio of 19:1, the optimal ITE reached 47.9%. The in-cylinder formation regions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are closely correlated with NH 3 , NO, and temperature distributions, being primarily located at the interface between high-concentration regions of unburned NH 3 and NO. Under the comprehensive impact of increased compression ratio and advanced injection timing, both N 2 O and unburned NH 3 emissions show a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing, while NO x emissions demonstrated a monotonically increasing behavior.

Keywords: ammonia fuel; dual fuel engines; N 2 O; combustion and emission; compression ratio; injection timing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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