Cybersecurity of Smart Grids: Requirements, Threats, and Countermeasures

Edyta Karolina Szczepaniuk and Hubert Szczepaniuk ()
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Edyta Karolina Szczepaniuk: Polish Air Force University, Dywizjonu 303 Street no. 35, 08-521 Dęblin, Poland
Hubert Szczepaniuk: Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166 St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 18, 1-23

Abstract: Cybersecurity is a key factor influencing the development of the smart grid paradigm. The integration of information and communication technologies into energy networks introduces new cybersecurity requirements, vulnerabilities, and threats. Typical countermeasures and security measures require optimization and customization for implementation in a distributed and heterogeneous smart grid environment. In this paper, we propose a holistic approach to smart grid cybersecurity by considering information security attributes at the level of requirements, threats, and countermeasures analysis. The results of the conducted review enabled us to develop a holistic cybersecurity framework for smart grids, while also analyzing the challenges and barriers related to security measures, as well as the possibilities for their mitigation.

Keywords: cybersecurity; smart grid; threats; countermeasures; cyberattacks; data encryption; blockchain; IDS/IPS systems; artificial intelligence; hash functions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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