Bridging Borders and Brains: ESG Sustainability, Integration, Education and Energy Choices in Developed Economies

Abrahem Anbea (), Kolawole Iyiola and Ahmad Alzubi ()
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Abrahem Anbea: Department of Business Administration, Institute of Graduate Research and Studies, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, Via Mersin 10, Northern Cyprus, Lefkosa 33010, Turkey
Kolawole Iyiola: Department of Business Administration, Institute of Graduate Research and Studies, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, Via Mersin 10, Northern Cyprus, Lefkosa 33010, Turkey
Ahmad Alzubi: Department of Business Administration, Institute of Graduate Research and Studies, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, Via Mersin 10, Northern Cyprus, Lefkosa 33010, Turkey

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 20, 1-21

Abstract: As ESG sustainability uncertainty intensifies and globalisation deepens, the energy trilemma—security, equity, and sustainability—emerges as the defining calculus of modern energy policy. Therefore, this investigation explores the influence of ESG sustainability uncertainty intensification and globalisation on the energy trilemma, while controlling education, urbanization and economic growth, using data from 2001 to 2022. The energy trilemma offers an all-inclusive gauge for understanding the effect of ESG sustainability uncertainty on energy trilemma. The study employed Lewbel’s Two Stage Least Squares method to examine the connection. The results disclose that ESG sustainability uncertainty is negatively associated with all three trilemma pillars. Globalisation displays a nonlinear influence: its squared terms are negative and statistically significant, implying diminishing marginal benefits at high levels of openness. This paper’s significance lies in evidence that ESG sustainability uncertainty erodes all three pillars of the energy trilemma, while globalization’s benefits taper at high openness—strengthening the mandate for a clean, just, secure, and sustainable transition.

Keywords: ESG sustainability uncertainty; education; globalisation; energy transition; environmental sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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