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Plugging into Onshore Power Supply System Innovation: A Review from Standards and Patents to Port Deployment

Daniel Jesus, Tiago Oliveira, Marina Perdigão () and André Mendes
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Daniel Jesus: Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Coimbra—Pólo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
Tiago Oliveira: Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Coimbra—Pólo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
Marina Perdigão: Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Coimbra—Pólo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
André Mendes: Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Coimbra—Pólo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 20, 1-28

Abstract: Shore power systems, also known as cold ironing or shore-to-ship (STS) connections, are increasingly recognized as a viable solution to reduce emissions and noise from ships during berthing operations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of shore power technology, with a focus on typical onboard energy consumption profiles across different types of ship, the main electrical architectures used in shore-side systems, and the compatibility challenges related to frequency, voltage, and control integration. The paper reviews international standards, particularly the ISO/IEC/IEEE 80005 series, that define technical requirements for interoperability and safety. A detailed analysis of recent patents highlights technological innovations in mobility, conversion topologies, and high-voltage integration. In addition, commercially available shore power solutions from major manufacturers are surveyed, with comparative data on power ratings, voltage levels, and converter topologies. Finally, the study discusses current limitations and outlines development directions for Onshore Power Supply systems, including regulatory developments, digital integration, and grid support functionalities. The insights presented aim to support the design, standardization, and deployment of efficient and scalable STS systems in line with global maritime decarbonization goals.

Keywords: commercial solutions; high-voltage shore connection; onshore power supply; patents; power converters; shore power; shore-to-ship; standards (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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