Energy and Environmental Impacts of Replacing Gasoline with LPG Under Real Driving Conditions

Edward Kozłowski (), Alfredas Rimkus, Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska, Jonas Matijošius, Piotr Wiśniowski, Mateusz Traczyński, Piotr Laskowski and Radovan Madlenak
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Edward Kozłowski: Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, 38D Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Alfredas Rimkus: Department of Automobile Engineering, Faculty of Transport Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, Plytinės Str. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska: Environment Protection Centre, Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellońska Str., 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Jonas Matijošius: Mechanical Science Institute, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, 25 Plytinės Str., LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
Piotr Wiśniowski: Environment Protection Centre, Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellońska Str., 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Mateusz Traczyński: Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, 38D Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Piotr Laskowski: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 84 Narbutta Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Radovan Madlenak: Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Žilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 20, 1-22

Abstract: This study investigates the energy and environmental implications of replacing E10 gasoline with Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in a Euro 4 passenger car under real-world urban driving conditions. A comparative methodology robust to operating-state distribution was applied, combining portable exhaust gas analysis with on-board diagnostic data to calculate energy-specific emissions per crankshaft revolution and to reconstruct emission surfaces in the load–RPM domain using bilinear interpolation. The study revealed that LPG reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 8.35%, demonstrating a clear climate and energy benefit due to its lower carbon intensity. In comparison, carbon monoxide (+9.5%) and hydrocarbons (+8.3%) increased under low-load and idle conditions. Nitrogen oxides showed only minor differences between the fuels (+1.3%). LPG exhibited a more stable CO 2 emission profile, reflecting improved combustion efficiency from an energy perspective, although its performance in terms of incomplete combustion products requires further optimisation. The methodology highlights how linking energy efficiency with pollutant formation provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating alternative fuels in Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests. The results confirm LPG’s potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in transport systems and identify calibration strategies needed to mitigate trade-offs in local pollutant emissions.

Keywords: fuel; energy efficiency; specific emission (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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