Battery Sizing and Composition in Energy Storage Systems for Domestic Renewable Energy Applications: A Systematic Review

Ludovica Apa (), Livio D’Alvia (), Zaccaria Del Prete and Emanuele Rizzuto
Additional contact information
Ludovica Apa: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
Livio D’Alvia: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
Zaccaria Del Prete: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
Emanuele Rizzuto: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 20, 1-33

Abstract: Renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, are increasingly integrated into domestic systems to address energy scarcity, rising demand, and climate change. However, their intermittent nature requires efficient energy storage systems (ESS) for stability and reliability. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, aimed to evaluate the size and chemical composition of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in household renewable energy applications. A literature search was conducted in Scopus in August 2025 using predefined keywords, and studies published in English from 2015 onward were included. Exclusion criteria included book chapters, duplicate conference proceedings, geographically restricted case studies, systems without chemistry or size details, and those focusing solely on electric vehicle batteries. Of 308 initially retrieved records, 83 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. The majority (92%) employed simulation-based approaches, while 8% reported experimental setups. No formal risk-of-bias tool was applied, but a methodological quality check was conducted. Data were synthesized narratively and tabulated by chemistry, nominal voltage, capacity, and power. Lithium-ion batteries were the most prevalent (49%), followed by lead–acid (13%), vanadium redox flow (3.6%), and nickel–metal hydride (1.2%), with the remainder unspecified. Lithium-ion dominated due to high energy density, long cycle life, and efficiency. Limitations of the evidence include reliance on simulation studies, heterogeneity in reporting, and limited experimental validation. Overall, this review provides a framework for selecting and integrating appropriately sized and composed BESS into domestic renewable systems, offering implications for stability, efficiency, and household-level sustainability. The study was funded by the PNRR NEST project and Sapienza University of Rome Grant.

Keywords: battery energy storage; renewable energy; home energy management system; battery size; battery chemical composition; accurate measurements; power grid (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/20/5536/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/20/5536/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:20:p:5536-:d:1776217

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Cassie Shen

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().