Power Analysis Produced by Virtual Inertia in Single-Phase Grid-Forming Converters Under Frequency Events Intended for Bidirectional Battery Chargers

Erick Pantaleon, Jhonatan Paucara and Damián Sal y Rosas ()
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Erick Pantaleon: Renewable Energies Center, National University of Engineering, Lima 15333, Peru
Jhonatan Paucara: Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 15307, Peru
Damián Sal y Rosas: Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems of the National Center for Scientific Research (LAAS-CNRS), University of Toulouse, 31031 Toulouse, France

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-21

Abstract: The widespread integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the grid through inertia-less power converters is reducing the overall system inertia leading to large frequency variations. To mitigate this issue, grid-forming (GFM) control strategies in bidirectional battery chargers have emerged as a promising solution, since the inertial response of synchronous generators (SGs) can be emulated by power converters. However, unlike SGs, which can withstand currents above their rated values, the output current of a power converter is limited to its nominal design value. Therefore, the estimation of the power delivered by the GFM power converter during frequency events, called Virtual Inertia (VI) support, is essential to prevent exceeding the rated current. This article analyzes the VI response of GFM power converters, classifying the dynamic behavior as underdamped, critically damped, or overdamped according to the selected inertia constant and damping coefficient, parameters of the GFM control strategy. Subsequently, the transient power response under step-shaped and ramp-shaped frequency deviations is quantified. The proposed analysis is validated using a 1.2 KW single-phase power converter. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the overdamped response under a ramp-shaped frequency event shows higher fidelity to the theorical model.

Keywords: grid forming (GFM); virtual synchronous machine (VSM); virtual inertia (VI); step-shaped frequency deviation; ramp-shaped frequency deviation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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