Resource Use Efficiency and Environmental Impacts in Strawberry Production: An Energy–Exergy Analysis

Müjdat Öztürk, Ramazan Kayabaşı, Hasan Yildizhan and Arman Ameen ()
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Müjdat Öztürk: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, 40100 Kırşehir, Türkiye
Ramazan Kayabaşı: Department of Construction, Tomarza Mustafa Akincioglu Vocational School, Kayseri University, 38940 Kayseri, Türkiye
Hasan Yildizhan: Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Türkiye
Arman Ameen: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-16

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment of open field strawberry production in Batman, Türkiye, utilizing thermodynamic-based analyses. The inputs used during the production phase were obtained through survey data collected from local farms over the past few growing seasons. This study is the first to provide an integrated energy, exergy, and environmental assessment of open-field strawberry production in the Batman region, offering novel insights into resource efficiency and sustainability evaluation in agricultural systems. The evaluation was conducted for a functional unit of one ton of strawberries by analysing the cumulative energy consumption (CEnC), cumulative exergy consumption (CExC), and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (CCO 2 E). The total CEnC was calculated to be 1207.8 MJ/ton, with nitrogen fertilizer (390.91 MJ/ton) and diesel fuel (229.67 MJ/ton) being the most significant inputs. The total CExC was 1919.82 MJ/ton, where farmyard manure (1170.19 MJ/ton) was the dominant contributor, accounting for approximately 61% of the total. The total carbon footprint (CCO 2 E) was determined to be 41.43 kg/ton, with irrigation water (10.19 kg/ton) and farmyard manure (10.14 kg/ton) being the primary sources. Key sustainability indicators, the Cumulative Degree of Perfection (CDP) and Renewability Indicator (RI), were calculated as 1.34 and 0.26, respectively. The CDP value is notably higher than that of other open field strawberry studies, while the low RI value indicates a heavy reliance on non-renewable resources. The findings highlight that improving sustainability requires a focus on efficient manure management and reducing fossil fuel-based energy consumption.

Keywords: energy-exergy analysis; strawberry; sustainability indicators; carbon emission; open field production (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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