Hydrogen Vehicle Adoption: Perceptions, Barriers, and Global Strategies

Adam Przybylowski (), Kamil Palewski and Tomasz Owczarek
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Adam Przybylowski: Department of Transport, Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Kamil Palewski: Department of Transport, Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Tomasz Owczarek: Department of Informatics, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-19

Abstract: This paper analyzes the potential of hydrogen technologies in transport, placing it within the context of global environmental and energy challenges. Its primary purpose is to evaluate the prospects for the implementation of these technologies at international and national levels, including Poland. This study utilizes a literature review and an analysis of the results of a highly limited, exploratory pilot survey measuring public perception of hydrogen technology in transport. It is critical to note that the survey was conducted on a small, non-representative sample and exhibited a strong geographical bias, primarily collecting responses from Europe (50 people) and North America (30 people). This study also details hydrogen vehicle types (FCEV, HICE) and the essential infrastructure required (HRS). Despite solid technological foundations, the development of hydrogen technology heavily relies on non-technical factors, such as infrastructure development, support policy, and social acceptance. Globally, the number of vehicles and stations is growing but remains limited, with the pace of development correlating with the involvement of countries. The pilot survey revealed a generally positive perception of the technology (mainly due to environmental benefits) but highlighted three key barriers: limited availability of refueling infrastructure—51.5% of respondents strongly agreed on this obstacle, high purchase and maintenance costs, and insufficient public awareness. Infrastructure subsidies and tax breaks were identified as effective incentives. Hydrogen technology offers a potentially competitive and sustainable transport solution, but it demands significant systemic support, intensive investment in large-scale infrastructure expansion, and comprehensive educational activities. Further governmental engagement is crucial. The severe limitations resulting from the pilot nature of the survey should be rigorously taken into account during interpretation.

Keywords: hydrogen; fuel cells; hydrogen vehicles; alternative drives; sustainable transport; hydrogen infrastructure; competitiveness; dynamic global changes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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