Heterogeneous Relationships Between CO 2 Emissions and Renewable Energy in Agriculture in the Visegrad Group Countries

Łukasz Augustowski () and Piotr Kułyk
Additional contact information
Łukasz Augustowski: Department of International Economics and Market Analysis, Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, 65-246 Zielona Góra, Poland
Piotr Kułyk: Department of International Economics and Market Analysis, Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, 65-246 Zielona Góra, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-17

Abstract: This manuscript analyzes the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and selected factors for the agricultural sector in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries. The aim of the study was to identify and assess short-term relationships and directions of causality between carbon dioxide emissions, renewable energy consumption, economic openness, labor productivity, and income levels in the agricultural sector of the V4 countries. Short-term ARDL modeling was used for each V4 country, along with Granger causality. The analyses offer a broad perspective on how agricultural practices shape greenhouse gas emissions and provide information to mitigate their environmental impact. Heterogeneous interactions between the studied factors and specific causal relationships were identified in each country. Only in Hungary and Slovakia was a unidirectional causality observed, namely CO 2 → renewable energy (RE) sources, while in Poland and the Czech Republic, no direct causal relationship with emissions was observed. However, these relationships were indirect through income and economic openness. Strong drivers include, in particular, labor productivity, the share of renewable energy, and economic openness. Based on the analyses, decision-makers are recommended to create incentives, including economic ones, to increase the share of renewable energy in agricultural production. This improves economic and environmental outcomes, both locally and nationally.

Keywords: agriculture; environmental economics; CO 2 emission; Granger causality; agriculture income; economic openness (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/21/5673/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/21/5673/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:21:p:5673-:d:1782096

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Cassie Shen

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().