Assessment of the Significance of Changes in Transport Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Energy Storage

Katarzyna Chruzik (), Justyna Tomaszewska and Dariusz Badura
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Katarzyna Chruzik: Department of Transport and Computer Science, WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
Justyna Tomaszewska: Faculty of Aviation, Polish Air Force University, Dywizjonu 303 nr 35, 08-521 Dęblin, Poland
Dariusz Badura: Department of Transport and Computer Science, WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-16

Abstract: The transformation of transport towards solutions based on renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage systems represents a response to global climate and regulatory challenges. The integration of electric vehicles with charging infrastructure and the power grid reduces emissions and enhances system flexibility; however, it simultaneously introduces new areas of risk and should therefore be subject to significance assessment. This study applies an integrated methodology for assessing the significance of changes, combining FMEA-based analysis with risk registers and sustainability indicators (six criteria). The transport system and associated storage infrastructure were compared before and after the implementation of RES, considering criteria such as the effects of system failure, complexity, innovation, monitoring, reversibility, and additionality. The results indicate that traditional risks associated with fossil fuels (e.g., exhaust emissions, pipeline failures) are eliminated, but new risks emerge. The highest increases in Risk Priority Numbers (RPN) were observed for cyber threats, charging infrastructure overloads, and the cyclic degradation of energy storage systems. Environmental and organizational risks also intensified, including those related to battery recycling as well as the lack of regulatory frameworks and procedures. The integration of transport with RES and energy storage should be regarded as a significant change. In addition to environmental and energy benefits, it introduces new, complex risk areas that require in-depth risk analysis, the implementation of monitoring systems, and adequate regulatory and preventive measures. At the same time, the proposed methodology enables the identification of changes critical to power system stability, the improvement of energy efficiency, and the advancement of the transition towards climate neutrality.

Keywords: change significance assessment; sustainable transport; renewable energy sources (RES); electric vehicles (EV); vehicle-to-grid (V2G); battery energy storage systems (BESS) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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