Assessing the Viability of Rooftop Solar PV in Energy-Intensive Industries: A Techno-Economic and Safety Framework for the Indonesian FMCG Sector

Almaaidah Puri Galevien, Mohammad Kholid Ridwan () and Awang Noor Indra Wardana
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Almaaidah Puri Galevien: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Mohammad Kholid Ridwan: Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Awang Noor Indra Wardana: Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-20

Abstract: Energy-intensive sectors in emerging nations have the simultaneous difficulties of trying to diminish greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining a stable and cost-effective energy supply. Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a viable solution, especially in tropical areas like Indonesia that have elevated solar irradiance. This study employs a comprehensive methodology to evaluate the structural, economic, and safety viability of rooftop photovoltaic adoption in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector. Structural analysis utilizing the PMM Ratio verified that industrial rooftops can support a 599 kWp photovoltaic system with minimal reinforcements. The economic assessment revealed substantial feasibility, featuring a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of Rp 261.40/kWh (about USD 0.016/kWh), yearly savings of Rp 1.36 billion (approximately USD 89,000), a Return on Investment (ROI) of 570%, and a payback duration of 3.73 years. The safety evaluation utilizing the Hazard Identification and Risk evaluation (HIRA) technique found significant hazards—working at height, electrical faults, and fire risks—and recommended mitigation measures in accordance with IEC and Indonesian standards. The findings establish a replicable paradigm for assessing rooftop photovoltaic systems in energy-intensive sectors and furnish actionable recommendations for policymakers and industry executives to expedite the adoption of renewable energy in tropical emerging economies.

Keywords: photovoltaic (PV) systems; renewable energy; FMCG industry; energy efficiency; sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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