Cyber-Physical Power System Digital Twins—A Study on the State of the Art

Nathan Elias Maruch Barreto () and Alexandre Rasi Aoki
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Nathan Elias Maruch Barreto: Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico Campus, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
Alexandre Rasi Aoki: Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico Campus, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-25

Abstract: This study explores the transformative role of Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) Digital Twins (DTs) in enhancing the operational resilience, flexibility, and intelligence of modern power grids. By integrating physical system models with real-time cyber elements, CPPS DTs provide a synchronized framework for real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, energy management, and cybersecurity. A structured literature review was conducted using the ProKnow-C methodology, yielding a curated portfolio of 74 publications from 2017 to 2025. This corpus was analyzed to identify key application areas, enabling technologies, simulation methods, and conceptual maturity levels of CPPS DTs. The study highlights seven primary application domains, including real-time decision support and cybersecurity, while emphasizing essential enablers such as data acquisition systems, cloud/edge computing, and advanced simulation techniques like co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing. Despite significant academic interest, real-world implementations remain limited due to interoperability and integration challenges. The paper identifies gaps in standard definitions, maturity models, and simulation frameworks, underscoring the need for scalable, secure, and interoperable architectures and highlighting key areas for scientific development and real-life application of CPPS DTs, such as grid predictive maintenance, forecasting, fault handling, and power system cybersecurity.

Keywords: digital twins; cyber-physical power systems (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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