Optical Analysis of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection-Spark-Ignition-Engine Using Lateral or Central Injection

Hermann Sebastian Rottengruber (), Dmitrij Wintergoller, Maikel Ebert and Aristidis Dafis
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Hermann Sebastian Rottengruber: Institute for Engineering of Products and Systems, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany
Dmitrij Wintergoller: Institute for Engineering of Products and Systems, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany
Maikel Ebert: Institute for Engineering of Products and Systems, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany
Aristidis Dafis: Institute for Engineering of Products and Systems, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39016 Magdeburg, Germany

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-20

Abstract: This paper investigates the abnormal combustion behavior—specifically knock and pre-ignition—of a hydrogen direct-injection (H 2 -DI) engine operated under stoichiometric conditions. Two different cylinder head configurations with central and lateral injector placement are analyzed using thermodynamic measurements, CFD simulations, and the optical diagnostic system VISIOLution ® . The results show that combustion stability and knock tendency are significantly influenced by injector positioning, injection pressure, and ignition timing. Controlled mixture formation and high turbulence during the compression phase are key to achieving both high power density and thermal efficiency in hydrogen-fueled engines.

Keywords: hydrogen combustion; knock tendency; pre-ignition; optical diagnostics; central vs. lateral injection; stoichiometric H 2 operation; single-cylinder engine (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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