Coordination Mechanism Between Electric Vehicles and Air Conditioning Loads Based on Price Guidance

Dan Wu, Danting Zhong () and Lili Li
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Dan Wu: State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200437, China
Danting Zhong: Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610042, China
Lili Li: Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610042, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-23

Abstract: Under China’s dual carbon goals, the surging summer demand for air conditioning (AC) has widen the power grid’s peak-to-valley difference, posing challenges to conventional supply-side solutions. To address this issue, effective demand-side coordination is essential. However, existing demand response schemes typically optimize single resources in isolation and overlook the dynamic evolution of user participation. This study proposes a price-guided coordination mechanism integrating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and AC loads to establish a closed-loop value chain among the grid, aggregators, and users. A bi-level optimization framework is developed to balance the interests of these stakeholders. The model incorporates a V2G discharging willingness component that considers user psychology and battery degradation, as well as an AC response model reflecting thermal comfort. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism effectively mitigates peak loads and narrows the peak-to-valley difference while enhancing off-peak electricity consumption. It accommodates the spatiotemporal and user-type heterogeneity of response behaviors, yielding notable economic gains for all participants. This research validates a comprehensive strategy for improving grid flexibility, protecting stakeholder interests, and optimizing user engagement, offering both theoretical insight and practical guidance for diversified resource integration.

Keywords: demand response; V2G; air conditioning; coordination; bi-level optimization; price mechanism (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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