Enhancing Power Quality and Reducing Costs in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids via Fuzzy EMS

Danilo Pratticò, Filippo Laganà, Mario Versaci, Dubravko Franković, Alen Jakoplić, Saša Vlahinić and Fabio La Foresta ()
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Danilo Pratticò: DICEAM Department, “Mediterranea” University, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
Filippo Laganà: Laboratory of Biomedical Applications Technologies and Sensors (BATS), Department of Health Science, “Magna Græcia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Mario Versaci: DICEAM Department, “Mediterranea” University, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
Dubravko Franković: Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Alen Jakoplić: Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Saša Vlahinić: Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Fabio La Foresta: DICEAM Department, “Mediterranea” University, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-41

Abstract: The rapid growth of renewable energy integration in modern power systems brings new challenges in terms of stability and quality of electricity supply. Hybrid AC/DC microgrids represent a promising solution to integrate photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines, fuel cells, and storage units with flexibility and efficiency. However, maintaining adequate power quality (PQ) under variable conditions of generation, load, and grid connection remains a critical issue. This paper presents the modelling, implementation, and validation of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid equipped with a fuzzy-logic-based energy management system (EMS). The study combines PQ assessment, measurement architecture, and supervisory control for technical compliance and economic efficiency. The microgrid integrates a combination of PV array, wind turbine, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), battery storage system, and heterogeneous AC/DC loads, all modelled in MATLAB/Simulink using a physical-network approach. The fuzzy EMS coordinates distributed energy resources by considering power imbalance, battery state of charge ( SOC ), and dynamic tariffs. Results demonstrate that the proposed controller maintains PQ indices within IEC/IEEE standards while eliminating short-term continuity events. The proposed EMS prevents harmful deep battery cycles, maintaining SOC within 30–90%, and optimises fuel cell activation, reducing hydrogen consumption by 14%. Economically, daily operating costs decrease by 10–15%, grid imports are reduced by 18%, and renewable self-consumption increases by approximately 16%. These findings confirm that fuzzy logic provides an effective, computationally light, and uncertainty-resilient solution for hybrid AC/DC microgrid EMS, balancing technical reliability with economic optimisation. Future work will extend the framework toward predictive algorithms, reactive power management, and hardware-in-the-loop validation for real-world deployment.

Keywords: hybrid AC/DC microgrid; power quality; energy management system; fuzzy logic; renewable energy integration; photovoltaic; wind turbine; battery storage; fuel cell; MATLAB/Simulink© modelling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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