An Integrated Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to Stabilize the Frequency of the Power Grid Through Primary Frequency Regulation

Dan Zhou (), Zhiwei Zou, Yangqing Dan, Chenxuan Wang, Chenyuan Teng and Yuanlong Zhu
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Dan Zhou: College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Zhiwei Zou: College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Yangqing Dan: State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China
Chenxuan Wang: State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China
Chenyuan Teng: College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Yuanlong Zhu: Shengxing Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310013, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-25

Abstract: As the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power systems continues to increase, their volatility and unpredictability have exacerbated the burden of frequency regulation (FR) on conventional generator units (CGUs). Therefore, to reduce frequency deviations caused by comprehensive disturbances and improve system frequency stability, this paper proposes an integrated strategy for hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) to participate in primary frequency regulation (PFR) of the regional power grid. Once the power grid frequency exceeds the deadband (DB) of the HESS, the high-frequency signs of the power grid frequency are managed by the battery energy storage system (BESS) through a division strategy, while the remaining parts are allocated to pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES). By incorporating positive and negative virtual inertia control and adaptive droop control, the BESS effectively maintains its state of charge (SOC), reduces the steady-state frequency deviation of the system, and provides rapid frequency support. When the system frequency lies within the DB of the HESS, an SOC self-recovery strategy restores the BESS SOC to an ideal range, further enhancing its long-term frequency regulation (FR) capability. Finally, a regional power grid FR model is established in the RT-1000 real-time simulation system. Simulation validation is conducted under three scenarios: step disturbances, short-term continuous disturbances, and long-term RES disturbances. The results show that the proposed integrated strategy for HESS participation in PFR not only significantly improves system frequency stability but also enhances the FR capability of the BESS.

Keywords: primary frequency regulation; hybrid energy storage system; frequency regulation deadband; frequency division command; virtual inertial control; adaptive droop control; SOC recovery (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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