A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study

Adrian Chmielewski (), Piotr Piórkowski (), Krzysztof Bogdziński, Paweł Krawczyk, Jakub Lorencki, Artur Kopczyński, Jakub Możaryn, Ramon Costa-Castelló and Stepan Ozana
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Adrian Chmielewski: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Piotr Piórkowski: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Krzysztof Bogdziński: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Paweł Krawczyk: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Jakub Lorencki: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Artur Kopczyński: Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
Jakub Możaryn: Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
Ramon Costa-Castelló: ETSEIB, ESAII, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Stepan Ozana: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-24

Abstract: The development of energy storage systems is significant for solving problems related to climate change. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS), combining batteries with ultracapacitors, may be a feasible way to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles and renewable energy applications. However, most existing research requires comprehensive modelling of HESS components under different operating conditions, hindering optimisation and real-world application. This study proposes a novel approach to analysing the set of differential equations of a substitute model of HESS and validates a model-based approach to investigate the performance of an HESS composed of a Valve-Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) battery and a Maxwell ultracapacitor in a parallel configuration. Consequently, the set of differential equations describing the HESS dynamics is provided. The dynamics of this system are modelled with a double resistive–capacitive (2-RC) scheme using data from Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation (HPPC) and pseudo-random cycles. Parameters are identified using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model’s accuracy is analysed, estimated and verified using Mean Square Errors (MSEs) and Normalised Root Mean Square Errors (NRMSEs) in the range of a State of Charge (SoC) from 0.1 to 0.9. Limitations of the proposed models are also discussed. Finally, the main advantages of HESSs are highlighted in terms of energy and open-circuit voltage (OCV) characteristics.

Keywords: hybrid energy storage system; resistive–capacitive model; pulse power testing; parameter optimisation; Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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