Data-Driven Technologies for Energy Optimization in Smart Buildings: A Scoping Review

Joy Dalmacio Billanes, Zheng Grace Ma () and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen
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Joy Dalmacio Billanes: SDU Center for Energy Informatics, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, The Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
Zheng Grace Ma: SDU Center for Energy Informatics, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, The Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen: SDU Center for Energy Informatics, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, The Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-49

Abstract: Data-driven technologies in smart buildings offer significant opportunities to enhance energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupant comfort. However, the existing literature often lacks a holistic examination of the technological advancements, adoption barriers, and business models necessary to realize these benefits. To address this gap, this scoping review synthesizes current research on these technologies, identifies factors influencing their adoption, and examines supporting business models. Inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a structured search of the literature across four major databases yielded 112 relevant studies. The key technologies identified included big data analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks, Edge and Cloud Computing, Blockchain, Digital Twins, and Geographic Information Systems. Energy optimization is further achieved through integrating renewable energy resources and advanced energy management systems, such as Home Energy Management Systems and Building Energy Management Systems. Factors influencing adoption are categorized into social influences, individual perceptions, cost considerations, security and privacy concerns, and data quality issues. The analysis of business models emphasizes the need to align technological innovations with market needs, focusing on value propositions like cost savings and efficiency improvements. Despite the benefits, challenges such as high initial costs, technical complexities, security risks, and user acceptance hinder their widespread adoption. This review highlights the importance of addressing these challenges through the development of cost-effective, interoperable, secure, and user-centric solutions, offering a roadmap for future research and industry applications.

Keywords: smart buildings; data-driven technologies; energy optimization; artificial intelligence; internet of things; energy management systems; technology adoption; business models; systematic review (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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