On-Demand Energy Provisioning Scheme in Large-Scale WRSNs: Survey, Opportunities, and Challenges

Gerald K. Ijemaru (), Kenneth Li-Minn Ang, Jasmine Kah Phooi Seng, Augustine O. Nwajana, Phee Lep Yeoh and Emmanuel U. Oleka
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Gerald K. Ijemaru: School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia
Kenneth Li-Minn Ang: School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia
Jasmine Kah Phooi Seng: School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia
Augustine O. Nwajana: School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
Phee Lep Yeoh: School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia
Emmanuel U. Oleka: Dominion Energy, Richmond, VA 23219, USA

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-42

Abstract: Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have emerged as a critical infrastructure for monitoring and collecting data in large-scale and dynamic environments. The energy autonomy of sensor nodes is crucial for the sustained operation of WRSNs. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art approaches and technologies in on-demand energy provisioning in large-scale WRSNs. We explore various energy harvesting techniques, storage solutions, and energy management strategies tailored to the unique challenges posed by the dynamic and resource-constrained nature of WRSNs. This survey categorizes existing literature based on energy harvesting sources, including solar, kinetic, and ambient energy, and discusses advancements in energy storage technologies such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, we investigate energy management techniques that adaptively balance energy consumption and harvesting, optimizing the overall network performance. In addition to providing a thorough overview of existing solutions, this paper identifies opportunities and challenges in the field of on-demand energy provisioning for large-scale WRSNs. By synthesizing current research efforts, this survey aims to provide insight to researchers and policymakers in understanding the landscape of on-demand energy provisioning in large-scale WRSNs. The insights gained from this study pave the way for future innovations and contribute to the development of sustainable and self-sufficient wireless sensor networks, critical for the advancement of applications such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and smart cities.

Keywords: wireless rechargeable sensor networks; energy harvesting; on-demand energy provisioning; energy management; energy consumption; wireless charging; supercapacitors (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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