Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective

Ruggero Angelico (), Ferruccio Giametta, Biagio Bianchi and Pasquale Catalano
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Ruggero Angelico: Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Ferruccio Giametta: Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Biagio Bianchi: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
Pasquale Catalano: Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-47

Abstract: Green hydrogen (GH 2 ) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH 2 research production technologies and their integration into renewable energy systems, supported by a bibliometric analysis of the recent literature. Produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, GH 2 shows significant potential to decarbonize industries, enhance grid stability, and support the Power-to-X paradigm, which interlinks electricity, heating, transportation, and industrial applications. However, widespread adoption faces challenges, including high production costs, infrastructure constraints, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. Addressing these barriers requires advancements in electrolyzer efficiency, scalable fuel cell technologies, and efficient storage solutions. Sector-coupled smart grids incorporating hydrogen demonstrate the potential to integrate GH 2 into energy systems, enhancing renewable energy utilization and ensuring system reliability. Economic analyses predict that GH 2 can achieve cost parity with fossil fuels by 2030 and will play a foundational role in low-carbon energy systems by 2050. Its ability to convert surplus renewable electricity into clean energy carriers positions it as a cornerstone for decarbonizing energy-intensive sectors, such as industry, transportation, and heating. This review underscores the transformative potential of GH 2 in creating a sustainable energy future. By addressing technical, economic, and policy challenges and through coordinated efforts in innovation and infrastructure development, GH 2 can accelerate the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems and contribute to achieving global climate goals.

Keywords: green hydrogen; hydrogen production; bibliometric analysis; energy policy; carbon capture and storage; renewable energy technologies; energy transition; electrolysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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