Regenerative Braking Energy Flow Control Algorithm for Power Grid Voltage Stabilization in Mobile Energy Storage Systems

Ivan Župan (), Viktor Šunde, Željko Ban and Branimir Novoselnik
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Ivan Župan: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Viktor Šunde: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Željko Ban: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Branimir Novoselnik: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-25

Abstract: The paper presents a method for managing the energy storage and use of a mobile supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS) on a tram vehicle for the purpose of active voltage stabilization of the power grid. The method is based on an algorithm that identifies the need to utilize the energy of the SC ESS depending on changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by the driving of other nearby tram vehicles. The waveform of the current flowing into or out of the SC ESS during this control is determined based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, which optimizes the minimum change in the voltage level at the pantograph and the minimum temperature of the supercapacitor. In this way, this approach aims to minimize the changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by other vehicles and to maximize the lifespan of the supercapacitor. The algorithm was tested within the MATLAB/Simulink R2022b programming environment and experimentally validated with an HIL simulation experiment in a laboratory setup to emulate the rail vehicle system, the supercapacitor, and the power supply network.

Keywords: regenerative braking system; supercapacitor storage system; optimal control; Pontryagin’s minimum principle; HIL simulation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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