Enabling Power System Restoration from Offshore Wind Power Plants in the UK

Rui Alves (), Ning Yang, Lie Xu and Agustí Egea-Àlvarez
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Rui Alves: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Ning Yang: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Lie Xu: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Agustí Egea-Àlvarez: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-34

Abstract: This paper presents the findings from the initial phases of the SIF BLADE project, focused on demonstrating the capabilities of an offshore wind power plant (OWPP) for power system restoration (PSR). It provides an overview of PSR, highlighting its challenges and operational requirements, alongside the various scenarios considered in the project. The study includes a steady-state analysis to assess whether the OWPP can meet local network demands for both active and reactive power. Results indicate that the OWPP can operate within an envelope that covers all local power requirements. Additionally, electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis was conducted to evaluate different percentages of grid-forming (GFM) converter penetration during the energisation process. These analyses aimed to determine compliance with transmission system operator (TSO) requirements. Findings demonstrate that all GFM penetration levels met the necessary TSO standards. Furthermore, a novel small-signal analysis was performed to identify the optimal percentage of GFM converters for enhancing system stability during block loading. The analysis suggests that for top-up scenarios, a GFM penetration between 20% and 40% is optimal, while for anchor scenarios, 40% to 60% GFM penetration enhances stability and robustness.

Keywords: black start; converter control; EMT analysis; grid-following; grid-forming; power system restoration; small-signal analysis; stability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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