Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Critical Enabler for Renewable Integration and Decarbonization

Yuyang Zeng, Tuo Zhou, Tong Wang, Man Zhang, Shuping Zhang () and Hairui Yang ()
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Yuyang Zeng: School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Tuo Zhou: Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Tong Wang: Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Man Zhang: Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Shuping Zhang: School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Hairui Yang: Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 3, 1-22

Abstract: This paper focuses on the critical role of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies in facilitating renewable energy integration and achieving carbon neutrality. It presents a systematic review of four primary categories: mechanical energy storage, chemical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and thermal energy storage. The study begins by analyzing the technical advantages and geographical constraints of pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) in high-capacity applications. It then explores the potential of hydrogen and synthetic fuels for long-duration clean energy storage. The section on electrochemical energy storage highlights the high energy density and flexible scalability of lithium-ion batteries and redox flow batteries. Finally, the paper evaluates innovative advancements in large-scale thermal energy storage technologies, including sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, and thermochemical heat storage. By comparing the performance metrics, application scenarios, and development prospects of various energy storage technologies, this work provides theoretical support and practical insights for maximizing renewable energy utilization and driving the sustainable transformation of global energy systems.

Keywords: long-duration energy storage; carbon neutrality; large scale; renewable energy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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