A Review of Multi-Temporal Scale Regulation Requirements of Power Systems and Diverse Flexible Resource Applications

Fan Li, Hongzhen Wang (), Dong Liu and Ke Sun
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Fan Li: State Grid Economic and Technological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
Hongzhen Wang: School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Dong Liu: State Grid Economic and Technological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
Ke Sun: State Grid Economic and Technological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 3, 1-32

Abstract: With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, the regulation requirements of power systems have become more dynamic and complex. This paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-temporal scale regulation requirements and explores the application of diverse flexible resources across different time scales. The regulation demands are categorized into short, medium, and long-term scales, each presenting unique challenges that need to be addressed for efficient power system operation. Existing studies primarily focus on the adjustment of a single time scale, often overlooking the interplay between multiple time scales. This paper critically analyzes the limitations of previous approaches and demonstrates the need for more holistic and flexible solutions. The research results show that integrating diverse, flexible resources, including energy storage systems (ESS) and demand response (DR), can effectively meet regulation needs across various time scales. Additionally, the paper identifies the potential of hydrogen-based solutions to address emerging challenges in power system regulation. The findings highlight the importance of combining multiple flexible resources to improve system resilience and sustainability, offering a pathway toward more efficient and adaptable power systems.

Keywords: flexible resources; multi-temporal scales; renewable resources; renewable energy integration; application case; hydrogen energy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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