Hydrogen Production from Renewable and Non-Renewable Sources with a Focus on Bio-Hydrogen from Giant reed ( Arundo donax L.), a Review

Ciro Vasmara (), Stefania Galletti (), Stefano Cianchetta and Enrico Ceotto
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Ciro Vasmara: CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
Stefania Galletti: CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
Stefano Cianchetta: CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
Enrico Ceotto: CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Via Beccastecca 345, 41018 S. Cesario sul Panaro, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 3, 1-29

Abstract: In the last five years, the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has received rising attention because it can be used in internal combustion and jet engines, and it can even generate electricity in fuel cells. The scope of this work was to critically review the methods of H 2 production from renewable and non-renewable sources, with a focus on bio-H 2 production from the perennial grass giant reed ( Arundo donax L.) due to its outstanding biomass yield. This lignocellulosic biomass appears as a promising feedstock for bio-H 2 production, with a higher yield in dark fermentation than photo-fermentation (217 vs. 87 mL H 2 g −1 volatile solids on average). The H 2 production can reach 202 m 3 Mg −1 of giant reed dry matter. Assuming the average giant reed dry biomass yield (30.3 Mg ha −1 y −1 ), the attainable H 2 yield could be 6060 m 3 ha −1 y −1 . A synthetic but comprehensive review of methods of H 2 production from non-renewable sources is first presented, and then a more detailed analysis of renewable sources is discussed with emphasis on giant reed. Perspectives and challenges of bio-H 2 production, including storage and transportation, are also discussed.

Keywords: bio-hydrogen; dark fermentation; enzymes; giant reed; lignocellulosic biomass; photo-fermentation; pre-treatments; renewable energy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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