Validation of a Heat Pump System Model for Energy Recycling in Grocery Stores Through On-Site Energy Monitoring

Niklas Söderholm (), Mikko Gröndahl, Tuomo Niemelä, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen and Long Ni
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Niklas Söderholm: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Mikko Gröndahl: Granlund Oy, Malminkaari 21, 00701 Helsinki, Finland
Tuomo Niemelä: Granlund Oy, Malminkaari 21, 00701 Helsinki, Finland
Juha Jokisalo: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Risto Kosonen: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Long Ni: School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-26

Abstract: This paper presents a validated simulation model for heat pump-based energy recycling systems, with a focus on heat recovery applications in grocery stores. Heat is recovered through heat pumps from a subcritical CO 2 -based refrigeration system, with exhaust air heat recovery used on demand according to the heating demand. The model is validated through a case study on a Finnish hypermarket-sized grocery store, where the heat pump system has been operational since 2020. Multi-objective energy optimization is used to validate the model by estimating critical decision variable values and providing error estimates compared to the measured data. The calibrated energy system model has a maximum mean bias error, MBE, of ±5% and a 10–15% coefficient of variation of root mean squared error, CV(RMSE), for the heat pump-related energy balance. Energy optimizations indicate that the control algorithm of the investigated heat pump system can be enhanced to reduce district heating consumption by 12%. The study emphasizes the need for numerous input parameters tailored to a system-specific layout to accurately reproduce the heat pump system’s control algorithm. Compared to a typical transcritical CO 2 booster system with heat recovery, the novel heat recovery system shows superior heat recovery potential and a high total COP for both heating and cooling.

Keywords: heat pump; energy recycling; refrigeration; validation; optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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