Effective Methods for Determination of Electrical System Power Components at Transient and Steady States

Branislav Dobrucký (), Slavomír Kaščák () and Jozef Šedo
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Branislav Dobrucký: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Žilina, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Slavomír Kaščák: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Žilina, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Jozef Šedo: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Žilina, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-25

Abstract: This review paper describes and compares the practical methods that make it possible to calculate an average value of apparent, active, and reactive (i.e., blind and distorted) power in each calculation step. In addition to two methods, p – q and i p – i q , it deals with the application of the i d – i q method for determining power components’ mean values in a discrete step. The results are important and needed for the right dimensioning and sizing of power electronic and electrical systems (PEESs), which those power components produce. This is because the integral calculation for the mean values of the product of voltage u ( t ) and current i ( t ) always gives a value lower than the actual value of the apparent power. Using moving average and moving root mean square (rms) techniques (or digital filtering), one obtains the right values, although with a time delay. Using sliding filtering, these techniques calculate the average or rms values, respectively, of the power components in each step k. By calculating the moving average value of the power components in both transient and steady states (on/off as well), we achieve the correct design of the system. The transients for the three- and single-phase power electronic systems are modeled, simulated, and theoretically supported in this study. Any PEES can be determined and sized using the calculated data. The real-time HW simulator Plecs RT Box 1 and Matlab/Simulink 2024a simulations validate the comprehensive time waveform produced by the suggested method.

Keywords: AC system; apparent power; active power; blind power; distortion power; Clarke transform; pq method; ip–iq method; id–iq method; power components (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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