Sustainable Geothermal Energy: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities in Deep Wells and Shallow Heat Pumps for Transitioning Professionals

Tawfik Elshehabi () and Mohammad Alfehaid
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Tawfik Elshehabi: Energy and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Mohammad Alfehaid: Energy and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-29

Abstract: Geothermal energy has emerged as a cornerstone in renewable energy, delivering reliable, low-emission baseload electricity and heating solutions. This review bridges the current knowledge gap by addressing challenges and opportunities for engineers and scientists, especially those transitioning from other professions. It examines deep and shallow geothermal systems and explores the advanced technologies and skills required across various climates and environments. Transferable expertise in drilling, completion, subsurface evaluation, and hydrological assessment is required for geothermal development but must be adapted to meet the demands of high-temperature, high-pressure environments; abrasive rocks; and complex downhole conditions. Emerging technologies like Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs) and closed-loop systems enable sustainable energy extraction from impermeable and dry formations. Shallow systems utilize near-surface thermal gradients, hydrology, and soil conditions for efficient heat pump operations. Sustainable practices, including reinjection, machine learning-driven fracture modeling, and the use of corrosion-resistant alloys, enhance well integrity and long-term performance. Case studies like Utah FORGE and the Geysers in California, US, demonstrate hydraulic stimulation, machine learning, and reservoir management, while Cornell University has advanced integrated hybrid geothermal systems. Government incentives, such as tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act, and academic initiatives, such as adopting geothermal energy at Cornell and Colorado Mesa Universities, are accelerating geothermal integration. These advancements, combined with transferable expertise, position geothermal energy as a major contributor to the global transition to renewable energy.

Keywords: geothermal drilling; enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs); shallow geothermal systems; sustainable well design; closed-loop systems; heat pumps; soil hydrology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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