Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Three-Phase Saturable Transformers: A Study on the Effects of Geomagnetically Induced Current on Transformers

Junhong Duan, Yanyan Bao (), Guangdong Zhang, Xiaofei Wang, Pin Jiang, Wei Niu, Hailong Zhang, Wenxi Zhen, Yue Xia and Ruikai Song
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Junhong Duan: State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730046, China
Yanyan Bao: Electric Power Science Research Institute, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
Guangdong Zhang: Electric Power Science Research Institute, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
Xiaofei Wang: Electric Power Science Research Institute, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
Pin Jiang: Ultra-High Voltage Company, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730070, China
Wei Niu: State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730046, China
Hailong Zhang: Electric Power Science Research Institute, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
Wenxi Zhen: State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730046, China
Yue Xia: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Ruikai Song: College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-17

Abstract: The saturation model of the transformer is one of the core tools of multi-physics simulation. By combining it with multi-physics simulation, researchers can more comprehensively evaluate the performance of a transformer in actual applications. Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) induce DC bias in transformers, leading to core saturation and a host of adverse effects. Traditional transformer models often struggle to accurately capture the behavior of the core under nonlinear saturation conditions. To address these challenges, a saturable transformer unified magnetic-equivalent (UMEC) model that directly takes the B-H magnetization curve to represent a transformer’s core nonlinear characteristics is proposed. The saturable transformer model is based on the model of a magnetic circuit of the transformer core. An estimation method to obtain a transformer’s essential parameters for saturation simulation is presented. GIC effects on transformer saturation are also studied through the proposed saturable transformer and estimation method.

Keywords: transformer model; parameter estimation; magnetic circuits; geomagnetically induced currents (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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