A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control and Solar Energy Integration: Challenges & Opportunities in Indian Context

Anjana Singh (), Ravi Shankar and Amitesh Kumar
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Anjana Singh: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India
Ravi Shankar: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India
Amitesh Kumar: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-55

Abstract: Energy plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, and India’s energy consumption has increased notably due to its growing population and development. At present, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas fulfill the majority of India’s energy requirements, but their swift depletion and negative environmental effects present significant challenges. India’s abundant solar energy potential—estimated at approximately 5000 trillion kWh annually—positions the nation to harness clean and sustainable power. With steady growth, solar energy has become a key component of India’s power grid. However, integrating renewable energy into the grid presents challenges, such as maintaining frequency and voltage stability. This report analyzes India’s substantial advancements in solar energy, emphasizing the enabling government policies and the problems associated with integrating renewable energy into the grid. The study underscores the crucial need for effective load frequency control (LFC) solutions to mitigate grid stability issues, intensified by the fluctuating and intermittent characteristics of solar energy. It also evaluates policy-driven approaches and technological advancements, providing practical recommendations to overcome integration challenges. This research aims to contribute to the effective deployment of solar energy in India’s energy mix, ensuring long-term grid stability and sustainability, and it underscores that India’s creative strategies can serve as a model for other nations facing analogous issues in renewable energy integration. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing optimal practices that integrate energy security, economic development, and environmental objectives, thus contributing to global dialogs on energy transitions.

Keywords: electricity act; feed tariff; grid interactive power; global solar power scenario; load frequency control techniques; Indian solar power scenario; renewable energy integrated modern power system (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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