The Safety Engineering of Sodium-Ion Batteries Used as an Energy Storage System for the Military

Agnieszka Iwan (), Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz, Robert Pich, Agnieszka Gonciarz, Jacek Miedziak, Ireneusz Plebankiewicz and Wojciech Przybyl
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Agnieszka Iwan: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz: Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
Robert Pich: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Agnieszka Gonciarz: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Jacek Miedziak: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Ireneusz Plebankiewicz: Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
Wojciech Przybyl: Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-35

Abstract: The main idea of this work is based on the latest achievements in the commercialization of sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries, which constitute a basis of analysis for military applications as energy storage systems. Technical, engineering, and ecological aspects were analyzed to find the optimal solution for using Na-ion batteries for military purposes. When selecting batteries for military applications, the following criteria are required: (a) they are more durable than standard batteries, (b) resistant to fire, (c) cannot explode, (d) cannot emit heat so as not to reveal their position, (e) equipped with safety elements and protective circuits to ensure safety, and (f) have the highest possible energy density, defined as the ratio of capacity to weight. The advantages and challenges of Na-ion batteries are discussed and compared to typical lithium-ion batteries, and also lithium iron phosphate, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries. The prospects for expanding the practical applications of Na-ion batteries in the military are presented. The unique properties of Na-ion batteries, such as their lower risk of ignition, more excellent thermal stability, and ability to work in extreme conditions, are essential from the point of view of military operations. Additionally, when considering environmental and logistical aspects, sodium-ion batteries may offer more sustainable and cost-effective solutions for the military. Therefore, this work aims not only to present the technological potential of these systems but also to draw attention to their strategic importance for the future of military operations. Battery discharge can result from leaving current receivers switched on or even from a drop in temperature. The discharge current should not exceed 1/10 of the battery capacity (1C). Discharging below the discharge voltage may result in irreversible damage. Sodium-ion batteries are safer to use than their lithium counterparts and allow for discharge to 0 V, eliminating the possibility of uncontrolled thermal discharge due to a short circuit (explosion, ignition), which is particularly important in the military.

Keywords: sodium-ion batteries; energy storage system; safety engineering; ecology; defense technologies; military (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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