Optimizing IoT Energy Efficiency: Real-Time Adaptive Algorithms for Smart Meters with LoRaWAN and NB-IoT

Kanar Alaa Al-Sammak (), Sama Hussein Al-Gburi (), Ion Marghescu, Ana-Maria Claudia Drăgulinescu, Cristina Marghescu, Alexandru Martian, Nawar Alaa Hussein Al-Sammak, George Suciu and Khattab M. Ali Alheeti
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Kanar Alaa Al-Sammak: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Sama Hussein Al-Gburi: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Ion Marghescu: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Ana-Maria Claudia Drăgulinescu: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Cristina Marghescu: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Alexandru Martian: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Nawar Alaa Hussein Al-Sammak: College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Babylon 56001, Iraq
George Suciu: Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Khattab M. Ali Alheeti: College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-33

Abstract: Real-time monitoring, data-driven decisions, and energy consumption optimization have reached a new level with IoT advancement. However, a significant challenge faced by intelligent nodes and IoT applications resides in their energy requirements in the long term, especially in the case of gas or water smart meters. This article proposes an algorithm for smart meters’ energy consumption optimization based on IoT, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT using microcontroller-based development boards, PZEM004T energy meters, Dragino LoRaWAN shield, or BG96 NB-IoT modules. The algorithm adjusts the transmission time based on the change in data in real-time. According to the experimental results, the energy consumption and the number of packets transmitted significantly decreased using LoRaWAN or NB-IoT, saving up to 76.11% and 86.81% of the transmitted packets, respectively. Additionally, the outcome highlights a notable percentage reduction in the energy consumption spike frequency, with NB-IoT achieving an 87.3% reduction and LoRaWAN slightly higher at 88.5%. This study shows that adaptive algorithms are very effective in extending the lifetime of IoT nodes, thereby providing a solid baseline for scalable, lightweight, energy-monitoring IoT applications. The results could help shape the development of smart energy metering systems and sustainable IoT.

Keywords: IoT; smart meter; LoRaWAN; NB-IoT; energy optimization algorithm (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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