Smart Grid Fault Mitigation and Cybersecurity with Wide-Area Measurement Systems: A Review

Chisom E. Ogbogu, Jesse Thornburg () and Samuel O. Okozi
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Chisom E. Ogbogu: College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Africa, Kigali BP 6150, Rwanda
Jesse Thornburg: College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Africa, Kigali BP 6150, Rwanda
Samuel O. Okozi: Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical Systems and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri PMB 1526, Nigeria

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-26

Abstract: Smart grid reliability and efficiency are critical for uninterrupted service, especially amidst growing demand and network complexity. Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) are valuable tools for mitigating faults and reducing fault-clearing time while simultaneously prioritizing cybersecurity. This review looks at smart grid WAMS implementation and its potential for cyber-physical power system (CPPS) development and compares it to traditional Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure. While traditionally used in smart grids, SCADA has become insufficient in handling modern grid dynamics. WAMS differ through utilizing phasor measurement units (PMUs) to provide real-time monitoring and enhance situational awareness. This review explores PMU deployment models and their integration into existing grid infrastructure for CPPS and smart grid development. The review discusses PMU configurations that enable precise measurements across the grid for quicker, more accurate decisions. This study highlights models of PMU and WAMS deployment for conventional grids to convert them into smart grids in terms of the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM). Examples from developing nations illustrate cybersecurity benefits in cyber-physical frameworks and improvements in grid stability and efficiency. Further incorporating machine learning, multi-level optimization, and predictive analytics can enhance WAMS capabilities by enabling advanced fault prediction, automated response, and multilayer cybersecurity.

Keywords: smart grid; power system monitoring; wide-area measurement systems; area measurement; cybersecurity; power system security; wide-area monitoring systems; cyber-physical systems; wide-area management systems; phasor measurement units (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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